Methods for Visualizing Unstructured Grid Data

Overview

Unstructured grids are a powerful tool to store Geoscience data. Unlike traditional, structured grids, unstructured grids have flexible geometries and variable resolution. This makes them incredibly useful for filling in irregularly shaped domains like Earth's oceans, or for achieving high resolutions in localized regions. However, working with unstructured datasets comes with additional challenges. The grids are made up of various shapes with varying sizes, so many datasets store additional information that describes their grid's geometry. Before we can plot our data, we must convert this connectivity information into a format compatible with plotting software. In this notebook, we will discuss and compare various ways in which we can visualize unstructured datasets.

Imports

# Recognition of unstructured grids and data handling
import uxarray as ux

# General Plotting
import cartopy.crs as ccrs

# Plotting with HoloViz
import holoviews as hv
import hvplot.pandas
import geoviews.feature as gf

Dataset Overview

We will be visualizing data, courtesy of NCAR’s Falko Judt, and were produced as part of the DYAMOND initiative: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40645-019-0304-z.

The global data sets used in this example are from the same experiment, but run at several resolutions from 30km to 3.75km. Due to their size, the higher resolution data sets are only distributed with two variables in them:

• relhum_200hPa: Relative humidity vertically interpolated to 200 hPa
• vorticity_200hPa: Relative vorticity vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

The relhum_200hPa is computed on the MPAS ‘primal’ mesh, while the vorticity_200hPa is computed on the MPAS ‘dual’ mesh. Note that data may also be sampled on the edges of the primal mesh. This example does not include/cover edge-centered data.

We will first load the data and grid information through uxarray.open_dataset, which lets us load files directly from the internet without downloading them.

# # Load data files from glade
# file_dir_30km = "/glade/campaign/cisl/vast/clyne/old_glade_p/FalkoJudt/dyamond_1/30km/"
# file_dir_15km = "/glade/campaign/cisl/vast/clyne/old_glade_p/FalkoJudt/dyamond_1/15km/"
# file_dir_7_5km = "/glade/campaign/cisl/vast/clyne/old_glade_p/FalkoJudt/dyamond_1/7.5km/"
# file_dir_3_75km = "/glade/campaign/cisl/vast/clyne/old_glade_p/FalkoJudt/dyamond_1/3.75km/"

# Use the local copies of the above glade files
file_dir_30km = "data/30km/"
file_dir_15km = "data/15km/"
file_dir_7_5km = "data/7.5km/"
file_dir_3_75km = "data/3.75km/"

# Note: The grid in the 3.75km dir does not have grid definition variables such as "verticesOnEdge".
# Since UXarray assumed those varables as required for MPAS-recognition, it can't open 3.75km for now.
# This will be fixed on UXarray soon.

grid_file_30km = "x1.655362.grid.nc"
grid_file_15km = "x1.2621442.grid.nc"
grid_file_7_5km = "x1.10485762.grid.nc" # 7.5km
grid_file_3_75km = "x1.41943042.grid.nc" # 3.75km

data_filename = "diag.2016-08-20_00.00.00.nc"

# Open datasets from files
ds_30km = ux.open_dataset(file_dir_30km + grid_file_30km, file_dir_30km + data_filename)
ds_15km = ux.open_dataset(file_dir_15km + grid_file_15km, file_dir_15km + data_filename)
# ds_7_5km = ux.open_dataset(file_dir_7_5km + grid_file_7_5km, file_dir_7_5km + data_filename)
# ds_3_75km = ux.open_dataset(file_dir_3_75km + grid_file_3_75km, file_dir_3_75km + data_filename)

Below we can see some information about the grid structure of each dataset. These are MPAS datasets, which means they contain a Primal mesh, composed of Voronoi regions, and a dual mesh, composed of Delaunay Triangles.

nMesh2_face and nMesh2_nodedescribe the number of faces and nodes the dataset has, repsectively, which vary with the resolution.

ds_30km

<xarray.UxDataset>
Dimensions:             (Time: 1, StrLen: 64, nMesh2_face: 655362,
                         nMesh2_node: 1310720)
Dimensions without coordinates: Time, StrLen, nMesh2_face, nMesh2_node
Data variables: (12/90)
    xtime_old           (Time, StrLen) |S1 b'2' b'0' b'1' ... b' ' b' ' b' '
    taux                (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 0.001145 -0.4335 ... 0.1296
    tauy                (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 -0.003664 ... 0.04344
    olrtoa              (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 254.1 282.3 ... 199.6 209.9
    cldcvr              (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 1.0 1.0 1.0 ... 1.0 1.0 1.0
    vert_int_qv         (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 56.71 23.32 ... 7.523 7.568
    ...                  ...
    aclwupt             (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 4.047e+08 ... 3.801e+08
    aclwdnt             (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0
    aclwnett            (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 -4.047e+08 ... -3.801e+08
    rainc               (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 58.94 10.82 ... 25.57 28.74
    rainnc              (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 0.003394 0.3716 ... 17.9
    xtime               (Time, StrLen) |S1 b'2' b'0' b'1' ... b' ' b' ' b' '

xarray.UxDataset

• Dimensions:
  • Time: 1
  • StrLen: 64
  • nMesh2_face: 655362
  • nMesh2_node: 1310720
• Coordinates: (0)
• Data variables: (90)
  • xtime_old
    (Time, StrLen)
    |S1
    b'2' b'0' b'1' ... b' ' b' ' b' '

    units :

    YYYY-MM-DD_hh:mm:ss

    long_name :

    Model valid time

    array([[b'2', b'0', b'1', b'6', b'-', b'0', b'8', b'-', b'2', b'0', b'_',
            b'0', b'0', b':', b'0', b'0', b':', b'0', b'0', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ']],
          dtype='|S1')

  • taux
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.001145 -0.4335 ... 0.1441 0.1296

    units :

    N m^{-2}

    long_name :

    surface zonal momentum flux

    array([[ 0.00114547, -0.43351182,  0.09139734, ...,  0.1372645 ,
             0.14407465,  0.12962045]], dtype=float32)

  • tauy
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -0.003664 -0.06971 ... 0.04344

    units :

    N m^{-2}

    long_name :

    surface meridional momentum flux

    array([[-0.00366397, -0.0697118 ,  0.02522493, ...,  0.02053317,
             0.0304405 ,  0.04344298]], dtype=float32)

  • olrtoa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    254.1 282.3 224.7 ... 199.6 209.9

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    top-of-atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation flux

    array([[254.11461, 282.30667, 224.6828 , ..., 192.38419, 199.64363,
            209.86562]], dtype=float32)

  • cldcvr
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ... 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

    units :

    unitless

    long_name :

    cloud cover (max of cldfrac along the vertical)

    array([[1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.]], dtype=float32)

  • vert_int_qv
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    56.71 23.32 9.332 ... 7.523 7.568

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    Vertically integrated water vapor mixing ratio

    array([[56.706112 , 23.324837 ,  9.332059 , ...,  7.4286156,  7.522911 ,
             7.5680594]], dtype=float32)

  • vert_int_qc
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.1434 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    Vertically integrated cloud water mixing ratio

    array([[0.        , 0.        , 0.14336425, ..., 0.        , 0.        ,
            0.        ]], dtype=float32)

  • vert_int_qr
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    1.143e-08 0.0 0.0002277 ... 0.0 0.0

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    Vertically integrated rain mixing ratio

    array([[1.1434940e-08, 0.0000000e+00, 2.2773488e-04, ..., 0.0000000e+00,
            0.0000000e+00, 0.0000000e+00]], dtype=float32)

  • vert_int_qs
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.004999 0.0002095 ... 0.01685

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    Vertically integrated snow mixing ratio

    array([[0.00499933, 0.00020953, 0.00441246, ..., 0.02781227, 0.02561788,
            0.01684895]], dtype=float32)

  • vert_int_qi
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0001439 1.126e-05 ... 0.006398

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    Vertically integrated ice mixing ratio

    array([[1.4387039e-04, 1.1259543e-05, 9.7388722e-05, ..., 4.4299494e-03,
            4.8254053e-03, 6.3976673e-03]], dtype=float32)

  • vert_int_qg
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 5.851e-07 ... 0.0 1.298e-06

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    Vertically integrated graupel mixing ratio

    array([[0.0000000e+00, 0.0000000e+00, 5.8509801e-07, ..., 0.0000000e+00,
            0.0000000e+00, 1.2984239e-06]], dtype=float32)

  • refl10cm_1km
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -35.0 -35.0 ... -18.98 -17.29

    units :

    dBZ

    long_name :

    diagnosed 10 cm radar reflectivity at 1 km AGL

    array([[-35.      , -35.      , -20.647161, ..., -32.28308 , -18.984772,
            -17.289677]], dtype=float32)

  • precipw
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    56.08 23.17 9.314 ... 7.51 7.555

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    precipitable water

    array([[56.080723 , 23.169239 ,  9.314055 , ...,  7.415787 ,  7.5096364,
             7.554986 ]], dtype=float32)

  • u10
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.4965 -6.956 6.2 ... 9.153 8.573

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    10-meter zonal wind

    array([[ 0.49653015, -6.9555087 ,  6.2004    , ...,  8.999395  ,
             9.15287   ,  8.573361  ]], dtype=float32)

  • v10
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -1.522 -1.105 1.701 ... 2.029 2.928

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    10-meter meridional wind

    array([[-1.521664 , -1.1050397,  1.7005051, ...,  1.4440091,  2.0286384,
             2.9284766]], dtype=float32)

  • q2
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.01608 0.008136 ... 0.003025

    units :

    kg kg^{-1}

    long_name :

    2-meter specific humidity

    array([[0.01607872, 0.00813565, 0.00306467, ..., 0.00313174, 0.00319018,
            0.00302518]], dtype=float32)

  • t2m
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    297.8 303.9 270.6 ... 276.9 277.1

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    2-meter temperature

    array([[297.82828, 303.8572 , 270.6466 , ..., 276.8427 , 276.8573 ,
            277.06647]], dtype=float32)

  • th2m
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    296.6 316.3 268.8 ... 277.9 278.1

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    2-meter potential temperature

    array([[296.63528, 316.3213 , 268.76346, ..., 277.89426, 277.86752,
            278.10052]], dtype=float32)

  • mslp
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    1.014e+05 1.014e+05 ... 9.87e+04

    units :

    Pa

    long_name :

    Mean sea-level pressure

    array([[101416.61 , 101441.125, 102465.016, ...,  98676.52 ,  98728.305,
             98699.93 ]], dtype=float32)

  • relhum_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    111.5 100.5 4.144 ... 3.863 3.993

    units :

    percent

    long_name :

    Relative humidity vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[111.51762  , 100.50649  ,   4.1442914, ...,   3.9168074,
              3.862622 ,   3.9930599]], dtype=float32)

  • relhum_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    105.7 80.97 62.2 ... 5.45 5.322

    units :

    percent

    long_name :

    Relative humidity vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[105.65305  ,  80.965904 ,  62.201782 , ...,   5.903016 ,
              5.44999  ,   5.3219247]], dtype=float32)

  • relhum_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    67.12 11.54 70.81 ... 101.5 113.4

    units :

    percent

    long_name :

    Relative humidity vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[ 67.119095,  11.544129,  70.80869 , ..., 101.498146, 101.48831 ,
            113.433914]], dtype=float32)

  • relhum_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    77.76 64.43 78.18 ... 55.47 76.67

    units :

    percent

    long_name :

    Relative humidity vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[77.75598 , 64.42546 , 78.17692 , ..., 52.589504, 55.470608,
            76.6749  ]], dtype=float32)

  • relhum_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    91.82 28.27 96.7 ... 83.98 69.13

    units :

    percent

    long_name :

    Relative humidity vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[91.81577 , 28.266636, 96.69949 , ..., 79.21579 , 83.98115 ,
            69.131584]], dtype=float32)

  • relhum_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    93.83 25.76 75.05 ... 75.57 69.78

    units :

    percent

    long_name :

    Relative humidity vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[93.834656, 25.761896, 75.05485 , ..., 75.47779 , 75.57213 ,
            69.78422 ]], dtype=float32)

  • dewpoint_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    216.6 214.1 195.7 ... 192.7 192.8

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Dewpoint temperature vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[216.57387, 214.05501, 195.66808, ..., 192.57056, 192.66844,
            192.83327]], dtype=float32)

  • dewpoint_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    228.2 225.0 210.1 ... 194.2 193.9

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Dewpoint temperature vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[228.21423, 225.04391, 210.0589 , ..., 194.5014 , 194.23865,
            193.9036 ]], dtype=float32)

  • dewpoint_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    262.2 241.3 238.3 ... 240.3 241.3

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Dewpoint temperature vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[262.15756, 241.31258, 238.2546 , ..., 240.43451, 240.30026,
            241.25026]], dtype=float32)

  • dewpoint_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    278.6 278.2 255.7 ... 250.2 255.2

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Dewpoint temperature vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[278.56635, 278.17636, 255.72476, ..., 248.98035, 250.21603,
            255.16904]], dtype=float32)

  • dewpoint_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    288.0 281.3 264.1 ... 262.4 260.0

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Dewpoint temperature vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[288.01334, 281.3232 , 264.12967, ..., 261.77994, 262.41498,
            260.03433]], dtype=float32)

  • dewpoint_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    291.7 281.6 265.6 ... 267.2 266.4

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Dewpoint temperature vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[291.7437 , 281.63046, 265.58228, ..., 267.23355, 267.2082 ,
            266.44247]], dtype=float32)

  • temperature_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    219.9 218.2 224.2 ... 219.8 219.7

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Temperature vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[219.8807 , 218.2457 , 224.18233, ..., 219.52716, 219.75993,
            219.7096 ]], dtype=float32)

  • temperature_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    231.5 230.8 218.0 ... 219.0 218.8

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Temperature vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[231.48409, 230.77783, 217.95166, ..., 218.7492 , 219.03671,
            218.80634]], dtype=float32)

  • temperature_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    267.9 267.2 244.8 ... 243.2 243.0

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Temperature vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[267.9303 , 267.21292, 244.7726 , ..., 243.35786, 243.23369,
            243.04713]], dtype=float32)

  • temperature_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    282.2 284.6 260.2 ... 258.9 260.1

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Temperature vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[282.1776 , 284.55426, 260.23862, ..., 258.32272, 258.90826,
            260.12796]], dtype=float32)

  • temperature_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    289.3 300.9 265.5 ... 265.6 265.7

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Temperature vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[289.30396, 300.86896, 265.53894, ..., 265.6772 , 265.60684,
            265.66498]], dtype=float32)

  • temperature_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    292.7 302.8 269.8 ... 271.2 271.5

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Temperature vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[292.7294 , 302.75693, 269.80103, ..., 271.2532 , 271.21445,
            271.4646 ]], dtype=float32)

  • height_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    1.245e+04 1.244e+04 ... 1.121e+04

    units :

    m

    long_name :

    Geometric height interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[12449.14 , 12442.463, 11550.885, ..., 11200.409, 11208.513,
            11213.158]], dtype=float32)

  • height_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    1.097e+04 1.097e+04 ... 9.781e+03

    units :

    m

    long_name :

    Geometric height interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[10970.031, 10972.67 , 10112.863, ...,  9768.494,  9774.854,
             9780.503]], dtype=float32)

  • height_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    5.885e+03 5.922e+03 ... 5.169e+03

    units :

    m

    long_name :

    Geometric height interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[5884.766 , 5922.428 , 5460.0786, ..., 5160.786 , 5165.298 ,
            5168.9526]], dtype=float32)

  • height_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    3.162e+03 3.201e+03 ... 2.674e+03

    units :

    m

    long_name :

    Geometric height interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[3161.9043, 3201.459 , 2967.2117, ..., 2668.859 , 2673.295 ,
            2673.6404]], dtype=float32)

  • height_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    1.528e+03 1.53e+03 ... 1.187e+03

    units :

    m

    long_name :

    Geometric height interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[1528.2195, 1529.9749, 1476.1997, ..., 1184.8995, 1188.9259,
            1186.9248]], dtype=float32)

  • height_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    802.4 1.336e+03 ... 523.7 521.8

    units :

    m

    long_name :

    Geometric height interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[ 802.44745, 1336.2085 ,  812.3724 , ...,  519.49347,  523.7233 ,
             521.7653 ]], dtype=float32)

  • uzonal_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    12.45 -12.36 7.086 ... 30.49 30.59

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed zonal wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[ 12.449038, -12.363897,   7.085809, ...,  30.424397,  30.491276,
             30.59205 ]], dtype=float32)

  • uzonal_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    9.874 -10.84 11.62 ... 27.64 29.12

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed zonal wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[  9.874058, -10.840105,  11.620722, ...,  27.993862,  27.639284,
             29.120285]], dtype=float32)

  • uzonal_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    4.175 -8.118 11.18 ... 18.94 17.66

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed zonal wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[ 4.174793, -8.117817, 11.178942, ..., 19.238066, 18.943214,
            17.655544]], dtype=float32)

  • uzonal_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    1.786 -6.685 7.95 ... 18.17 18.39

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed zonal wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[ 1.7861997, -6.6852965,  7.949763 , ..., 17.751884 , 18.16598  ,
            18.389019 ]], dtype=float32)

  • uzonal_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    1.732 -8.626 5.373 ... 10.56 9.848

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed zonal wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[ 1.7320414, -8.625604 ,  5.3729334, ..., 10.502777 , 10.560102 ,
             9.848063 ]], dtype=float32)

  • uzonal_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.9477 -8.014 6.314 ... 10.36 9.658

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed zonal wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[ 0.94769585, -8.013717  ,  6.3144975 , ..., 10.201811  ,
            10.361608  ,  9.658385  ]], dtype=float32)

  • umeridional_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -2.144 2.494 ... -12.62 -13.12

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed meridional wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[ -2.1439176,   2.4941902,   5.0052876, ..., -12.7459545,
            -12.623586 , -13.118409 ]], dtype=float32)

  • umeridional_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -0.306 3.469 ... -17.66 -19.73

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed meridional wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[ -0.30604118,   3.4694974 ,   5.6083994 , ..., -17.861061  ,
            -17.663942  , -19.729116  ]], dtype=float32)

  • umeridional_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -1.73 1.729 4.461 ... -11.61 -14.63

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed meridional wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[ -1.7295737,   1.7292881,   4.460907 , ..., -13.241262 ,
            -11.608113 , -14.63023  ]], dtype=float32)

  • umeridional_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -0.6116 0.8283 ... -3.254 -5.167

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed meridional wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[-0.611596 ,  0.82833  ,  3.2955813, ..., -2.6199746, -3.2542045,
            -5.166916 ]], dtype=float32)

  • umeridional_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -1.675 -1.274 0.971 ... 2.143 3.005

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed meridional wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[-1.6748937, -1.2737564,  0.9710146, ...,  2.0243337,  2.142733 ,
             3.004807 ]], dtype=float32)

  • umeridional_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -1.237 -1.289 ... 2.122 3.038

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed meridional wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[-1.2367387 , -1.2886629 ,  0.52839667, ...,  1.6917005 ,
             2.1219463 ,  3.0379426 ]], dtype=float32)

  • w_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0113 -0.01627 ... 0.005934

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Vertical velocity vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[ 0.01130025, -0.01627114, -0.00417983, ...,  0.0076473 ,
            -0.00121839,  0.00593409]], dtype=float32)

  • w_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.009253 0.04473 ... 0.01414

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Vertical velocity vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[0.00925266, 0.04472691, 0.00260425, ..., 0.00481733, 0.00840575,
            0.01413722]], dtype=float32)

  • w_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.003855 -0.009543 ... 0.008867

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Vertical velocity vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[ 0.00385461, -0.00954302, -0.00585773, ..., -0.00013992,
             0.01988931,  0.0088674 ]], dtype=float32)

  • w_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -0.009995 -0.02619 ... -0.005372

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Vertical velocity vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[-0.00999486, -0.02618647, -0.00923791, ...,  0.00466947,
             0.0074168 , -0.00537181]], dtype=float32)

  • w_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.02339 0.01376 ... 0.01527

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Vertical velocity vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[ 0.02338565,  0.01375896,  0.00505794, ..., -0.04250466,
            -0.03404061,  0.01527004]], dtype=float32)

  • w_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.01849 0.02225 ... 0.01587

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Vertical velocity vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[ 0.01849167,  0.02224885, -0.00093417, ..., -0.02501736,
            -0.0289073 ,  0.01586532]], dtype=float32)

  • omega_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    Pa s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Pressure velocity vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • omega_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    Pa s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Pressure velocity vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • omega_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    Pa s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Pressure velocity vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • omega_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    Pa s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Pressure velocity vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • omega_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    Pa s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Pressure velocity vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • omega_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    Pa s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Pressure velocity vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • vorticity_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_node)
    float32
    -1.318e-05 ... -2.619e-05

    units :

    s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Relative vorticity vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[-1.3183842e-05, -8.5206711e-06, -2.7462883e-07, ...,
             1.5885287e-05, -3.1379222e-05, -2.6188914e-05]], dtype=float32)

  • vorticity_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_node)
    float32
    -4.258e-06 4.141e-06 ... -8.357e-05

    units :

    s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Relative vorticity vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[-4.2581423e-06,  4.1411768e-06,  1.7783990e-05, ...,
             1.5832771e-05, -6.5540909e-05, -8.3569612e-05]], dtype=float32)

  • vorticity_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_node)
    float32
    1.383e-06 1.949e-05 ... -8.289e-05

    units :

    s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Relative vorticity vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[ 1.3829180e-06,  1.9485362e-05,  3.8313730e-05, ...,
             9.5804271e-06,  1.4733295e-05, -8.2888735e-05]], dtype=float32)

  • vorticity_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_node)
    float32
    -3.039e-05 ... -8.511e-05

    units :

    s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Relative vorticity vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[-3.0390780e-05, -2.8977556e-05, -3.0817544e-05, ...,
             2.9286619e-05,  1.1925046e-04, -8.5108710e-05]], dtype=float32)

  • vorticity_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_node)
    float32
    -2.036e-05 -1.742e-05 ... 3.449e-05

    units :

    s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Relative vorticity vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[-2.0359845e-05, -1.7417728e-05, -3.2328069e-05, ...,
            -2.2101663e-05, -2.7874828e-04,  3.4489862e-05]], dtype=float32)

  • vorticity_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_node)
    float32
    1.677e-05 2.019e-05 ... 4.223e-05

    units :

    s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Relative vorticity vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[ 1.6768783e-05,  2.0193078e-05,  2.2428852e-05, ...,
            -2.1430844e-07, -5.1101897e-04,  4.2229389e-05]], dtype=float32)

  • cape
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    724.5 125.1 1.167 ... 16.71 12.4

    units :

    J kg^{-1}

    long_name :

    Convective available potential energy

    array([[724.4664   , 125.0806   ,   1.1666716, ...,  11.62836  ,
             16.714476 ,  12.400015 ]], dtype=float32)

  • cin
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 36.95 0.0 ... 0.5734 0.3784

    units :

    J kg^{-1}

    long_name :

    Convective inhibition

    array([[ 0.        , 36.95286   ,  0.        , ...,  0.8855965 ,
             0.573398  ,  0.37840402]], dtype=float32)

  • acswupb
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    3.959e+07 9.037e+07 ... 9.431e+06

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky upward surface shortwave radiation flux

    array([[3.9586636e+07, 9.0373392e+07, 1.5894738e+08, ..., 9.2306140e+06,
            9.4220330e+06, 9.4314470e+06]], dtype=float32)

  • acswdnb
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    4.948e+08 5.248e+08 ... 1.179e+08

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky downward surface shortwave radiation flux

    array([[4.94832544e+08, 5.24762752e+08, 2.26035456e+08, ...,
            1.15382560e+08, 1.17775176e+08, 1.17893352e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • acswnetb
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    4.552e+08 4.344e+08 ... 1.085e+08

    units :

    J m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky net surface shortwave radiation

    array([[4.55245920e+08, 4.34389376e+08, 6.70880800e+07, ...,
            1.06151944e+08, 1.08353144e+08, 1.08461904e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • acswupt
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    1.146e+08 1.444e+08 ... 6.178e+07

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky upward top-of-atmosphere shortwave radiation flux

    array([[1.1460883e+08, 1.4437066e+08, 3.5325942e+08, ..., 6.2050884e+07,
            6.1969252e+07, 6.1779460e+07]], dtype=float32)

  • acswdnt
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    7.312e+08 7.311e+08 ... 2.151e+08

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky downward top-of-atmosphere shortwave radiation flux

    array([[7.3117216e+08, 7.3114477e+08, 5.5210477e+08, ..., 2.1249643e+08,
            2.1510595e+08, 2.1512741e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • acswnett
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    6.166e+08 5.868e+08 ... 1.533e+08

    units :

    J m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky net top-of-atmosphere shortwave radiation

    array([[6.1656333e+08, 5.8677414e+08, 1.9884534e+08, ..., 1.5044555e+08,
            1.5313670e+08, 1.5334795e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • aclwupb
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    7.485e+08 7.673e+08 ... 5.743e+08

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky upward surface longwave radiation flux

    array([[7.4847763e+08, 7.6728422e+08, 5.0171149e+08, ..., 5.7374707e+08,
            5.7204262e+08, 5.7433427e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • aclwdnb
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    6.466e+08 6.031e+08 ... 4.444e+08

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky downward surface longwave radiation flux

    array([[6.4663110e+08, 6.0306688e+08, 4.7120768e+08, ..., 4.4522947e+08,
            4.4580118e+08, 4.4438707e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • aclwnetb
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -1.018e+08 ... -1.299e+08

    units :

    J m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky net surface longwave radiation

    array([[-1.0184653e+08, -1.6421734e+08, -3.0503808e+07, ...,
            -1.2851760e+08, -1.2624144e+08, -1.2994720e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • aclwupt
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    4.047e+08 4.349e+08 ... 3.801e+08

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky upward surface longwave radiation flux

    array([[4.0466342e+08, 4.3487869e+08, 3.5674592e+08, ..., 3.7837216e+08,
            3.7895446e+08, 3.8011120e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • aclwdnt
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated clear-sky downward surface longwave radiation flux

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • aclwnett
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -4.047e+08 ... -3.801e+08

    units :

    J m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky net top-of-atmosphere longwave radiation

    array([[-4.0466342e+08, -4.3487869e+08, -3.5674592e+08, ...,
            -3.7837216e+08, -3.7895446e+08, -3.8011120e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • rainc
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    58.94 10.82 3.905 ... 25.57 28.74

    units :

    mm

    long_name :

    accumulated convective precipitation

    array([[58.93556  , 10.820076 ,  3.9053109, ..., 27.959347 , 25.570925 ,
            28.738863 ]], dtype=float32)

  • rainnc
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.003394 0.3716 33.62 ... 19.2 17.9

    units :

    mm

    long_name :

    accumulated total grid-scale precipitation

    array([[3.3940198e-03, 3.7158185e-01, 3.3624260e+01, ..., 1.7690672e+01,
            1.9199915e+01, 1.7899815e+01]], dtype=float32)

  • xtime
    (Time, StrLen)
    |S1
    b'2' b'0' b'1' ... b' ' b' ' b' '

    units :

    YYYY-MM-DD_hh:mm:ss

    long_name :

    Model valid time

    cell_methods :

    string1: mean

    array([[b'2', b'0', b'1', b'6', b'-', b'0', b'8', b'-', b'2', b'0', b'_',
            b'0', b'0', b':', b'0', b'0', b':', b'0', b'0', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ']],
          dtype='|S1')

• Indexes: (0)
• Attributes: (0)

ds_30km.uxgrid

<uxarray.Grid>
Original Grid Type: MPAS
Grid Dimensions:
  * nMesh2_node: 1310720
  * nMesh2_face: 655362
  * nMaxMesh2_face_nodes: 10
  * nMesh2_edge: 1966080
  * Two: 2
  * nMesh2_edge: 1966080
Grid Coordinate Variables:
  * Mesh2_node_x: (1310720,)
  * Mesh2_node_y: (1310720,)
  * Mesh2_face_x: (655362,)
  * Mesh2_face_y: (655362,)
Grid Connectivity Variables:
  * Mesh2_face_nodes: (655362, 10)
  * Mesh2_edge_nodes: (1966080, 2)
  * nNodes_per_face: (655362,)

ds_15km

<xarray.UxDataset>
Dimensions:             (Time: 1, StrLen: 64, nMesh2_face: 2621442,
                         nMesh2_node: 5242880)
Dimensions without coordinates: Time, StrLen, nMesh2_face, nMesh2_node
Data variables: (12/90)
    xtime_old           (Time, StrLen) |S1 b'2' b'0' b'1' ... b' ' b' ' b' '
    taux                (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 0.09107 ... -0.07837
    tauy                (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 -0.1514 0.07818 ... 0.06626
    olrtoa              (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 218.2 286.8 ... 283.6 294.9
    cldcvr              (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 1.0 0.0 1.0 ... 1.0 1.0 0.0
    vert_int_qv         (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 9.354 40.38 ... 27.2 27.46
    ...                  ...
    aclwupt             (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 3.254e+08 ... 4.702e+08
    aclwdnt             (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0
    aclwnett            (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 -3.254e+08 ... -4.702e+08
    rainc               (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 17.2 21.09 ... 9.857 9.218
    rainnc              (Time, nMesh2_face) float32 35.07 0.000203 ... 0.0004236
    xtime               (Time, StrLen) |S1 b'2' b'0' b'1' ... b' ' b' ' b' '

xarray.UxDataset

• Dimensions:
  • Time: 1
  • StrLen: 64
  • nMesh2_face: 2621442
  • nMesh2_node: 5242880
• Coordinates: (0)
• Data variables: (90)
  • xtime_old
    (Time, StrLen)
    |S1
    b'2' b'0' b'1' ... b' ' b' ' b' '

    units :

    YYYY-MM-DD_hh:mm:ss

    long_name :

    Model valid time

    array([[b'2', b'0', b'1', b'6', b'-', b'0', b'8', b'-', b'2', b'0', b'_',
            b'0', b'0', b':', b'0', b'0', b':', b'0', b'0', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ']],
          dtype='|S1')

  • taux
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.09107 -0.02268 ... -0.07837

    units :

    N m^{-2}

    long_name :

    surface zonal momentum flux

    array([[ 0.09107289, -0.02268129,  0.00530781, ..., -0.07604223,
            -0.08052574, -0.07837477]], dtype=float32)

  • tauy
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -0.1514 0.07818 ... 0.06067 0.06626

    units :

    N m^{-2}

    long_name :

    surface meridional momentum flux

    array([[-0.15135077,  0.07817708, -0.00050145, ...,  0.05814394,
             0.06066872,  0.06625789]], dtype=float32)

  • olrtoa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    218.2 286.8 153.4 ... 283.6 294.9

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    top-of-atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation flux

    array([[218.22588, 286.79984, 153.36908, ..., 284.26474, 283.63736,
            294.93384]], dtype=float32)

  • cldcvr
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 ... 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0

    units :

    unitless

    long_name :

    cloud cover (max of cldfrac along the vertical)

    array([[1., 0., 1., ..., 1., 1., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • vert_int_qv
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    9.354 40.38 61.39 ... 27.2 27.46

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    Vertically integrated water vapor mixing ratio

    array([[ 9.354116, 40.37502 , 61.389507, ..., 27.332426, 27.203266,
            27.456985]], dtype=float32)

  • vert_int_qc
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.05452 0.0 6.303e-09 ... 0.0 0.0

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    Vertically integrated cloud water mixing ratio

    array([[5.4522738e-02, 0.0000000e+00, 6.3029049e-09, ..., 1.6023664e-02,
            0.0000000e+00, 0.0000000e+00]], dtype=float32)

  • vert_int_qr
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    8.16e-06 0.0 3.489e-05 ... 0.0 0.0

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    Vertically integrated rain mixing ratio

    array([[8.1603976e-06, 0.0000000e+00, 3.4885034e-05, ..., 2.4401318e-06,
            0.0000000e+00, 0.0000000e+00]], dtype=float32)

  • vert_int_qs
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.002128 0.0 0.05615 ... 0.0 0.0

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    Vertically integrated snow mixing ratio

    array([[0.00212784, 0.        , 0.05614786, ..., 0.        , 0.        ,
            0.        ]], dtype=float32)

  • vert_int_qi
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0008598 0.0 5.921e-05 ... 0.0 0.0

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    Vertically integrated ice mixing ratio

    array([[8.5980794e-04, 0.0000000e+00, 5.9213573e-05, ..., 0.0000000e+00,
            0.0000000e+00, 0.0000000e+00]], dtype=float32)

  • vert_int_qg
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    7.59e-06 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    Vertically integrated graupel mixing ratio

    array([[7.590127e-06, 0.000000e+00, 0.000000e+00, ..., 0.000000e+00,
            0.000000e+00, 0.000000e+00]], dtype=float32)

  • refl10cm_1km
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -35.0 -35.0 -35.0 ... -35.0 -35.0

    units :

    dBZ

    long_name :

    diagnosed 10 cm radar reflectivity at 1 km AGL

    array([[-35.      , -35.      , -35.      , ..., -34.331264, -35.      ,
            -35.      ]], dtype=float32)

  • precipw
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    9.334 39.91 60.68 ... 26.94 27.19

    units :

    kg m^{-2}

    long_name :

    precipitable water

    array([[ 9.334295, 39.90843 , 60.679497, ..., 27.06187 , 26.93911 ,
            27.188744]], dtype=float32)

  • u10
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    5.355 -2.117 ... -6.657 -6.402

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    10-meter zonal wind

    array([[ 5.3553944, -2.1169589,  1.9387099, ..., -6.466536 , -6.657192 ,
            -6.4021297]], dtype=float32)

  • v10
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -8.885 7.299 -0.1704 ... 4.999 5.42

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    10-meter meridional wind

    array([[-8.885107  ,  7.299426  , -0.17039368, ...,  4.9397607 ,
             4.999378  ,  5.4198904 ]], dtype=float32)

  • q2
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.003505 0.01772 ... 0.01456

    units :

    kg kg^{-1}

    long_name :

    2-meter specific humidity

    array([[0.0035047 , 0.01772232, 0.01702267, ..., 0.01443008, 0.01437126,
            0.01455524]], dtype=float32)

  • t2m
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    273.2 300.9 299.2 ... 297.9 297.8

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    2-meter temperature

    array([[273.1525 , 300.8896 , 299.1551 , ..., 297.96323, 297.9154 ,
            297.7635 ]], dtype=float32)

  • th2m
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    275.5 299.9 298.2 ... 296.6 296.4

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    2-meter potential temperature

    array([[275.5032 , 299.86417, 298.196  , ..., 296.61407, 296.56448,
            296.41174]], dtype=float32)

  • mslp
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    9.703e+04 1.012e+05 ... 1.016e+05

    units :

    Pa

    long_name :

    Mean sea-level pressure

    array([[ 97034.73 , 101211.5  , 101136.   , ..., 101605.73 , 101608.555,
            101610.06 ]], dtype=float32)

  • relhum_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    5.758 17.74 112.2 ... 24.65 25.34

    units :

    percent

    long_name :

    Relative humidity vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[  5.757529,  17.735281, 112.17103 , ...,  22.956585,  24.654936,
             25.341679]], dtype=float32)

  • relhum_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    9.253 91.98 103.6 ... 22.65 23.66

    units :

    percent

    long_name :

    Relative humidity vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[  9.252956,  91.97631 , 103.561714, ...,  23.19428 ,  22.651457,
             23.662964]], dtype=float32)

  • relhum_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    78.19 2.241 91.97 ... 3.911 3.889

    units :

    percent

    long_name :

    Relative humidity vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[78.189285 ,  2.241189 , 91.974754 , ...,  4.0754347,  3.9112399,
             3.8893476]], dtype=float32)

  • relhum_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    68.69 37.98 82.52 ... 0.8705 2.902

    units :

    percent

    long_name :

    Relative humidity vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[68.69432   , 37.977657  , 82.518074  , ...,  1.6159315 ,
             0.87047464,  2.9021566 ]], dtype=float32)

  • relhum_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    51.33 78.32 89.99 ... 42.08 45.42

    units :

    percent

    long_name :

    Relative humidity vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[51.326008, 78.321556, 89.99028 , ..., 40.999687, 42.07639 ,
            45.419888]], dtype=float32)

  • relhum_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    100.7 86.78 94.83 ... 86.73 86.75

    units :

    percent

    long_name :

    Relative humidity vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[100.71899,  86.77891,  94.83302, ...,  87.19323,  86.73144,
             86.75262]], dtype=float32)

  • dewpoint_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    193.2 204.6 217.8 ... 206.0 206.2

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Dewpoint temperature vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[193.18956, 204.57996, 217.75896, ..., 205.4577 , 205.9519 ,
            206.24727]], dtype=float32)

  • dewpoint_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    196.5 225.2 230.6 ... 215.5 215.8

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Dewpoint temperature vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[196.5068 , 225.24236, 230.60428, ..., 215.7057 , 215.52306,
            215.82382]], dtype=float32)

  • dewpoint_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    240.7 227.5 265.9 ... 228.9 229.0

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Dewpoint temperature vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[240.67616, 227.5245 , 265.85934, ..., 229.58748, 228.90521,
            228.98851]], dtype=float32)

  • dewpoint_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    257.3 268.9 278.7 ... 225.5 240.0

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Dewpoint temperature vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[257.25034, 268.92084, 278.6503 , ..., 234.01038, 225.47115,
            239.98717]], dtype=float32)

  • dewpoint_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    262.4 286.5 289.1 ... 276.9 277.7

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Dewpoint temperature vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[262.40353, 286.47812, 289.1045 , ..., 276.4965 , 276.8628 ,
            277.66125]], dtype=float32)

  • dewpoint_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    269.5 292.2 293.4 ... 288.5 288.5

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Dewpoint temperature vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[269.50284, 292.2239 , 293.37808, ..., 288.69925, 288.48404,
            288.54132]], dtype=float32)

  • temperature_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    217.3 222.8 221.0 ... 220.8 220.9

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Temperature vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[217.31244, 222.8323 , 220.95746, ..., 220.87036, 220.83446,
            220.93842]], dtype=float32)

  • temperature_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    217.8 229.8 233.9 ... 232.1 232.1

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Temperature vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[217.81442, 229.8455 , 233.92712, ..., 232.11552, 232.14261,
            232.07713]], dtype=float32)

  • temperature_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    246.1 269.9 267.7 ... 269.0 269.0

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Temperature vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[246.12689, 269.9213 , 267.65997, ..., 269.00137, 269.03415,
            269.04395]], dtype=float32)

  • temperature_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    263.1 282.4 281.4 ... 283.8 283.8

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Temperature vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[263.10107, 282.44745, 281.40134, ..., 283.86935, 283.79913,
            283.7887 ]], dtype=float32)

  • temperature_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    271.3 290.2 290.7 ... 289.7 289.5

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Temperature vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[271.34824, 290.19016, 290.71756, ..., 289.6103 , 289.65808,
            289.4545 ]], dtype=float32)

  • temperature_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    269.9 294.5 294.2 ... 290.7 290.7

    units :

    K

    long_name :

    Temperature vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[269.8591 , 294.45325, 294.2078 , ..., 290.79834, 290.66235,
            290.7167 ]], dtype=float32)

  • height_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    1.114e+04 1.242e+04 ... 1.246e+04

    units :

    m

    long_name :

    Geometric height interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[11136.892, 12420.816, 12462.289, ..., 12458.886, 12458.979,
            12458.613]], dtype=float32)

  • height_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    9.718e+03 1.094e+04 ... 1.098e+04

    units :

    m

    long_name :

    Geometric height interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[ 9718.426, 10941.359, 10972.28 , ..., 10975.554, 10975.696,
            10975.274]], dtype=float32)

  • height_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    5.088e+03 5.865e+03 ... 5.874e+03

    units :

    m

    long_name :

    Geometric height interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[5088.1455, 5865.0864, 5864.4893, ..., 5873.618 , 5873.3975,
            5873.7305]], dtype=float32)

  • height_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    2.574e+03 3.154e+03 ... 3.167e+03

    units :

    m

    long_name :

    Geometric height interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[2573.514 , 3154.4587, 3149.9065, ..., 3166.6433, 3166.5698,
            3166.6084]], dtype=float32)

  • height_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    1.051e+03 1.519e+03 ... 1.534e+03

    units :

    m

    long_name :

    Geometric height interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[1050.5139, 1518.9799, 1513.0833, ..., 1534.0183, 1534.2096,
            1534.223 ]], dtype=float32)

  • height_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    381.8 790.1 782.4 ... 814.4 814.2

    units :

    m

    long_name :

    Geometric height interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[381.76056, 790.1303 , 782.3563 , ..., 814.29944, 814.4086 ,
            814.24603]], dtype=float32)

  • uzonal_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    25.75 -15.87 -17.26 ... 12.25 12.62

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed zonal wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[ 25.746883 , -15.874067 , -17.25593  , ...,  11.7898445,
             12.251018 ,  12.616464 ]], dtype=float32)

  • uzonal_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    28.78 -16.13 -18.81 ... 10.04 10.37

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed zonal wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[ 28.783752, -16.129206, -18.809437, ...,   9.844678,  10.038084,
             10.366241]], dtype=float32)

  • uzonal_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    22.57 -5.319 ... -15.42 -15.27

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed zonal wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[ 22.56747  ,  -5.3191514,  -2.7708678, ..., -15.066465 ,
            -15.423023 , -15.270687 ]], dtype=float32)

  • uzonal_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    15.71 5.731 4.217 ... -3.989 -3.716

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed zonal wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[15.714947 ,  5.7314773,  4.2171054, ..., -3.951339 , -3.9894006,
            -3.7159019]], dtype=float32)

  • uzonal_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    12.88 -0.3573 ... -7.688 -7.627

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed zonal wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[12.876768 , -0.3572969,  5.6263466, ..., -7.690863 , -7.6876945,
            -7.626937 ]], dtype=float32)

  • uzonal_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    9.744 -2.374 2.841 ... -7.342 -7.88

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed zonal wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[ 9.743681 , -2.374446 ,  2.8405054, ..., -7.4664083, -7.3417954,
            -7.880323 ]], dtype=float32)

  • umeridional_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -18.55 3.749 -19.13 ... 2.323 2.576

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed meridional wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[-18.551695 ,   3.7490363, -19.131817 , ...,   2.2474494,
              2.322729 ,   2.5761962]], dtype=float32)

  • umeridional_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -21.95 -3.206 ... 5.175 5.437

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed meridional wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[-21.950506 ,  -3.2059507, -12.190351 , ...,   5.262173 ,
              5.174928 ,   5.4366884]], dtype=float32)

  • umeridional_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -18.09 3.953 4.659 ... 2.138 2.06

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed meridional wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[-18.08735  ,   3.9533944,   4.6589956, ...,   2.20131  ,
              2.137555 ,   2.0604727]], dtype=float32)

  • umeridional_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -17.47 0.7616 ... 2.645 2.945

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed meridional wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[-17.47148  ,   0.7616302,  -0.1963702, ...,   2.8878987,
              2.6451693,   2.944931 ]], dtype=float32)

  • umeridional_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -12.7 6.25 -2.054 ... 0.2265 0.3876

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed meridional wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[-12.696896  ,   6.250482  ,  -2.0544415 , ...,   0.27764276,
              0.22645022,   0.38761973]], dtype=float32)

  • umeridional_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -11.45 7.907 -0.761 ... 5.546 5.448

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Reconstructed meridional wind at cell centers, vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[-11.445627  ,   7.9068885 ,  -0.76099813, ...,   5.776512  ,
              5.5462832 ,   5.4477744 ]], dtype=float32)

  • w_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.02462 0.004493 ... 0.02507

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Vertical velocity vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[0.02461669, 0.00449301, 0.09815092, ..., 0.02526652, 0.03021466,
            0.02507493]], dtype=float32)

  • w_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.01001 0.03074 ... -0.006879

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Vertical velocity vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[ 0.01000875,  0.03074407,  0.00158091, ..., -0.00456244,
             0.00627807, -0.00687871]], dtype=float32)

  • w_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.03269 0.01497 ... -0.001329

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Vertical velocity vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[ 0.03268886,  0.01496971, -0.05499293, ...,  0.00278941,
            -0.00394798, -0.00132911]], dtype=float32)

  • w_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -0.001349 -0.01589 ... -0.00399

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Vertical velocity vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[-0.0013491 , -0.01588745, -0.02568237, ..., -0.00839723,
            -0.00122302, -0.00398951]], dtype=float32)

  • w_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -0.01606 -0.01736 ... -0.0159

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Vertical velocity vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[-0.01605578, -0.01735972,  0.01112082, ..., -0.02998723,
            -0.02426951, -0.0159003 ]], dtype=float32)

  • w_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -0.02829 -0.01181 ... 0.01307

    units :

    m s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Vertical velocity vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[-0.02829328, -0.01181392,  0.00933263, ...,  0.00587261,
             0.00721221,  0.01307481]], dtype=float32)

  • omega_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    Pa s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Pressure velocity vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • omega_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    Pa s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Pressure velocity vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • omega_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    Pa s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Pressure velocity vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • omega_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    Pa s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Pressure velocity vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • omega_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    Pa s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Pressure velocity vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • omega_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    Pa s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Pressure velocity vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • vorticity_200hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_node)
    float32
    -2.073e-05 -2.185e-05 ... 4.775e-05

    units :

    s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Relative vorticity vertically interpolated to 200 hPa

    array([[-2.0734275e-05, -2.1850508e-05, -1.9621393e-05, ...,
            -5.0270584e-05,  5.0006711e-05,  4.7753241e-05]], dtype=float32)

  • vorticity_250hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_node)
    float32
    -3.185e-06 -2.303e-05 ... 2.016e-05

    units :

    s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Relative vorticity vertically interpolated to 250 hPa

    array([[-3.1851296e-06, -2.3025872e-05, -6.2921565e-05, ...,
            -9.2928431e-06,  3.2798092e-05,  2.0163650e-05]], dtype=float32)

  • vorticity_500hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_node)
    float32
    5.19e-05 1.874e-05 ... -1.497e-05

    units :

    s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Relative vorticity vertically interpolated to 500 hPa

    array([[ 5.18997658e-05,  1.87437672e-05, -6.54555988e-05, ...,
             3.16782753e-05,  1.67900616e-05, -1.49722155e-05]], dtype=float32)

  • vorticity_700hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_node)
    float32
    0.0001155 0.0001108 ... -5.861e-06

    units :

    s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Relative vorticity vertically interpolated to 700 hPa

    array([[ 1.1547037e-04,  1.1083105e-04,  8.6897417e-05, ...,
             2.7451952e-05,  1.9087467e-05, -5.8609448e-06]], dtype=float32)

  • vorticity_850hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_node)
    float32
    3.379e-05 4.505e-05 ... -8.305e-06

    units :

    s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Relative vorticity vertically interpolated to 850 hPa

    array([[ 3.3787121e-05,  4.5051333e-05,  5.2713800e-05, ...,
             2.9089195e-05,  4.5616431e-05, -8.3048008e-06]], dtype=float32)

  • vorticity_925hPa
    (Time, nMesh2_node)
    float32
    3.198e-05 5.774e-05 ... -4.156e-05

    units :

    s^{-1}

    long_name :

    Relative vorticity vertically interpolated to 925 hPa

    array([[ 3.1984964e-05,  5.7742487e-05,  1.0183418e-04, ...,
             7.3257156e-06, -1.4081887e-05, -4.1564363e-05]], dtype=float32)

  • cape
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    2.355 1.323e+03 ... 16.33 16.21

    units :

    J kg^{-1}

    long_name :

    Convective available potential energy

    array([[   2.355458, 1322.9055  , 1378.326   , ...,   18.580608,
              16.329285,   16.210995]], dtype=float32)

  • cin
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.6537 1.049 0.9769 ... 0.0654 0.0

    units :

    J kg^{-1}

    long_name :

    Convective inhibition

    array([[0.65372485, 1.0493747 , 0.97691953, ..., 0.30435428, 0.06540252,
            0.        ]], dtype=float32)

  • acswupb
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    5.729e+06 3.834e+07 ... 3.931e+07

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky upward surface shortwave radiation flux

    array([[ 5729450., 38340240., 35926644., ..., 39155832., 39295144.,
            39314748.]], dtype=float32)

  • acswdnb
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    7.162e+07 4.793e+08 ... 4.914e+08

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky downward surface shortwave radiation flux

    array([[7.1618168e+07, 4.7925229e+08, 4.4907776e+08, ..., 4.8944781e+08,
            4.9118214e+08, 4.9143526e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • acswnetb
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    6.589e+07 4.409e+08 ... 4.521e+08

    units :

    J m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky net surface shortwave radiation

    array([[6.5888720e+07, 4.4091206e+08, 4.1315110e+08, ..., 4.5029197e+08,
            4.5188701e+08, 4.5212051e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • acswupt
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    5.746e+07 8.26e+07 ... 7.544e+07

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky upward top-of-atmosphere shortwave radiation flux

    array([[5.7460232e+07, 8.2601264e+07, 1.0716360e+08, ..., 7.7397496e+07,
            7.5906184e+07, 7.5441136e+07]], dtype=float32)

  • acswdnt
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    1.51e+08 6.738e+08 ... 6.738e+08

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky downward top-of-atmosphere shortwave radiation flux

    array([[1.5101555e+08, 6.7381997e+08, 6.7370227e+08, ..., 6.7446605e+08,
            6.7410374e+08, 6.7380006e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • acswnett
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    9.356e+07 5.912e+08 ... 5.984e+08

    units :

    J m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky net top-of-atmosphere shortwave radiation

    array([[9.3555320e+07, 5.9121869e+08, 5.6653869e+08, ..., 5.9706854e+08,
            5.9819757e+08, 5.9835891e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • aclwupb
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    5.156e+08 7.66e+08 ... 7.305e+08

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky upward surface longwave radiation flux

    array([[5.1555955e+08, 7.6601446e+08, 7.7868147e+08, ..., 7.3140486e+08,
            7.3091296e+08, 7.3045869e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • aclwdnb
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    3.865e+08 6.629e+08 ... 6.224e+08

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky downward surface longwave radiation flux

    array([[3.8654109e+08, 6.6292589e+08, 6.7958515e+08, ..., 6.2342278e+08,
            6.2348602e+08, 6.2237683e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • aclwnetb
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -1.29e+08 -1.031e+08 ... -1.081e+08

    units :

    J m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky net surface longwave radiation

    array([[-1.2901846e+08, -1.0308858e+08, -9.9096320e+07, ...,
            -1.0798208e+08, -1.0742694e+08, -1.0808186e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • aclwupt
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    3.254e+08 4.506e+08 ... 4.702e+08

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky upward surface longwave radiation flux

    array([[3.2541757e+08, 4.5058186e+08, 3.8226765e+08, ..., 4.6979050e+08,
            4.6973757e+08, 4.7017523e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • aclwdnt
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    units :

    W m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated clear-sky downward surface longwave radiation flux

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • aclwnett
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    -3.254e+08 ... -4.702e+08

    units :

    J m^{-2}

    long_name :

    accumulated all-sky net top-of-atmosphere longwave radiation

    array([[-3.2541757e+08, -4.5058186e+08, -3.8226765e+08, ...,
            -4.6979050e+08, -4.6973757e+08, -4.7017523e+08]], dtype=float32)

  • rainc
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    17.2 21.09 53.65 ... 9.857 9.218

    units :

    mm

    long_name :

    accumulated convective precipitation

    array([[17.203398 , 21.090082 , 53.649094 , ..., 10.4614105,  9.856583 ,
             9.217612 ]], dtype=float32)

  • rainnc
    (Time, nMesh2_face)
    float32
    35.07 0.000203 ... 0.0004236

    units :

    mm

    long_name :

    accumulated total grid-scale precipitation

    array([[3.5067955e+01, 2.0298606e-04, 2.8139985e-01, ..., 5.1550439e-04,
            9.7641378e-04, 4.2356295e-04]], dtype=float32)

  • xtime
    (Time, StrLen)
    |S1
    b'2' b'0' b'1' ... b' ' b' ' b' '

    units :

    YYYY-MM-DD_hh:mm:ss

    long_name :

    Model valid time

    cell_methods :

    string1: mean

    array([[b'2', b'0', b'1', b'6', b'-', b'0', b'8', b'-', b'2', b'0', b'_',
            b'0', b'0', b':', b'0', b'0', b':', b'0', b'0', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ',
            b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ', b' ']],
          dtype='|S1')

• Indexes: (0)
• Attributes: (0)

ds_15km.uxgrid

<uxarray.Grid>
Original Grid Type: MPAS
Grid Dimensions:
  * nMesh2_node: 5242880
  * nMesh2_face: 2621442
  * nMaxMesh2_face_nodes: 10
  * nMesh2_edge: 7864320
  * Two: 2
  * nMesh2_edge: 7864320
Grid Coordinate Variables:
  * Mesh2_node_x: (5242880,)
  * Mesh2_node_y: (5242880,)
  * Mesh2_face_x: (2621442,)
  * Mesh2_face_y: (2621442,)
Grid Connectivity Variables:
  * Mesh2_face_nodes: (2621442, 10)
  * Mesh2_edge_nodes: (7864320, 2)
  * nNodes_per_face: (2621442,)

# ds_7_5km.uxgrid

Initial Setup

Now that our datasets are loaded in, we will begin exploring Uxarray visualization methods.

# Variable names to use
primal_var_name = 'relhum_200hPa'
dual_var_name = 'vorticity_200hPa'

color_map = 'coolwarm'

Plotting with HoloViz tools

HoloViz is a set of tools that simplifies Python visualizations by calling plotting libraries such as Datashader in the backend. The next section of the notebook discusses visualizations of unstructured grids using HoloViz tools.

Creating a vector image can be computationally expensive and will likely take quite some time, especially for larger datasets. Another approach can be to rasterize the data, which converts geometries (points etc.) to a raster image.

We will only look into the rasterization approaches for high-performance, km-scale data visualizations in this notebook

Rasterized Points

hv.extension('bokeh')

Primal mesh variable (Relative humidity) - No projection

%%time
raster = ds_15km[primal_var_name].sel(Time=0).plot.rasterize()
# This is actually equivalent to calling as follows since we handle default values for several optional largs
# raster = ds_15km[primal_var_name].sel(Time=0).plot.rasterize(colorbar=True,
#                                                              cmap='coolwarm',
#                                                              width=1000,
#                                                              height=500,
#                                                              tools=['hover'],
#                                                              projection=None,
#                                                              aggregator='mean',
#                                                              interpolation='linear',
#                                                              precompute=True,
#                                                              dynamic=False,
#                                                              npartitions=1)

raster.opts(title="relhum_200hPa")

CPU times: user 443 ms, sys: 62 ms, total: 505 ms
Wall time: 522 ms

Primal mesh variable (Relative humidity) - ccrs.Robinson projection

%%time
projection = ccrs.Robinson()
raster = ds_15km[primal_var_name].sel(Time=0).plot.rasterize(projection=projection)

(raster.opts(title="relhum_200hPa - ccrs.Robinson")
 * gf.land.opts(projection=projection, fill_color='forestgreen', alpha=0.3) 
 * gf.coastline.opts(projection=projection, alpha=0.4) 
 * gf.borders.opts(projection=projection, alpha=0.3))

CPU times: user 357 ms, sys: 36.7 ms, total: 394 ms
Wall time: 387 ms

Dual mesh variable (Relative vorticity) - ccrs.Robinson projection

%%time
projection = ccrs.Robinson()
raster = ds_15km[dual_var_name].sel(Time=0).plot.rasterize(projection=projection)

(raster.opts(title="Vorticity_200hPa - ccrs.Robinson")
 * gf.land.opts(projection=projection, fill_color='forestgreen', alpha=0.1) 
 * gf.coastline.opts(projection=projection, alpha=0.4) 
 * gf.borders.opts(projection=projection, alpha=0.3))

CPU times: user 405 ms, sys: 44.7 ms, total: 450 ms
Wall time: 436 ms